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Citation Manuals & Style Guides

The Shasta College library offers resources that are diverse in their scope and format.  This variety provides for myriad research possibilities and an equal number of documentation challenges.  How does one cite consistently when online resources don’t adhere to prescribed standards?  Do your best to credit  your sources and provide enough information so that you and your reader can locate the materials for future reference.  American Psychological Association (APA) Style is commonly used in the social sciences and nursing. Modern Language Association (MLA) Style and Chicago Style are preferred in most English, history, and humanities courses.  Check with your instructor to determine which style to follow.

American Psychological Association (APA) Style

Books
  • The official guide for this style is:Publication Manual of the APA.. 5th ed.  (Reference BF76.7 .P83 2001)
    • Another helpful (if not official) book is:  Andrew Harnack's Online! : A Reference Guide to Using Internet Sources  (Reference TK 5105.875 .I57 .H364 2000)
Websites


Sample citations
 
Book with one author
Jamison, K. R. (1999).  Night falls fast: Understanding suicide.  New York: Knopf.

Online eBook
Goldsmith, S.K. (2002).  Reducing suicide: A national imperative.  Washington, D.C. : National Academies 
     Press.  Retrieved June 10, 2004 from http://www.netlibrary.com. 

Edited book
Roleff, T.  (Ed.). (1998).  Suicide: Opposing viewpoints. San Diego: Greenhaven.

Signed journal or magazine article
Singh, B. (2000).  Suicide prevention strategies: An international perspective. International Review of Psychiatry 12, 7-14.

Encyclopedia article
Olendorf, D., et al. (Ed.). (1999). The Gale encyclopedia of medicine (Vols. 1-4).  Farmington Hills: Gale. 

Videorecording
Mc Donald. H. (Director), & deNeuville, C. (Producer). (1998).  Saheri's choice [Motion picture].  Princeton: Films for 
        the Humanities and Sciences.

Article from an online encyclopedia
"Minstrel Show."  Retrieved June 5, 2004 from Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 

Article from an online subscription service
King, K. A. (2001). Developing a comprehensive school suicide prevention program. Journal of  School Health, 71, 132-137. 
         Retrieved June 10, 2004, from Ebsco Academic Search Premier Database.
 

Note: At present, most database articles are duplicates 
of their print counterparts. You are not required to give 
the URL of the database.

Document from a scholarly project or university Web site
Hayden, D.C. (1999).  State plans for suicide prevention web page. Retrieved June 10, 2004, from Western
Western Washington University, Psychology Department site:http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~hayden/spsp/

Report from a private organization, available on organization Web site
Crisis Clinic (2004).  Learn more about suicide prevention and education. Retrieved June 10, 2004, from 
http://www.crisisclinic.org/suicide_pre.html

 
Note: Unlike printed materials, websites often change and
sometimes even disappear. Include date of most recent revision 
(not always available) and the date you accessed the site. 
Article from an Internet only journal
Schmidt, A. et al.  (1999, May).  Suicide rates in the world: Update.  Archives of Suicide Research, 5 (1). Retrieved June 10, 2004,  from  http://www.kluweronline.com/issn/1381-1118

Chicago Style

Books
  • The official guide for this style is:The Chicago Manual of Style.  15th ed.  (Reference Z 253 .U69 2003)
  • Kate L. Turabian's A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (Reference Desk LB2369 .T8 1996) was written to conform with the Chicago Manual of Style and contains sample papers.
  • Another helpful (if not official) book is:  Andrew Harnack's Online! : A Reference Guide to Using Internet Sources  (Reference TK 5105.875 .I57 .H364 2000)
Websites


Sample Citations
 
Book with one author
Singer, Peter W. Corporate Warriors.  Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2000. 

Book with two authors
Silverstein, Ken and Daniel Burton-Rose.  Private Warriors.  New York: Verso, 2000.

Online eBook
Cragin, Kim and Peter Chalk. 1999. Terrorism and Development: Using Social and Economic Development to Inhibit a 
Resurgance of Terrorism. Santa Monica: Rand, http://www.netlibrary.com/EbookDetails.aspx,(accessed  June 10, 2004). 

Edited book
Egendorf, Laura, ed.  2000.  Terrorism: Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego: Greenhaven.

Signed journal article
Hartung, William D.  2004. "Privatizing War." Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 60: 78-79.

Encyclopedia article
Academic American Encyclopedia. 1995. S.v. "Mercenaries."
 

NOTE:  S.v. is an abbreviation of the Latin "Sub verso" which stands for "under the word"

Videorecording
Moore, Michael. Bowling for Columbine.  Produced and directed by Michael Moore, et al.  119 min. United Artists, 2003. 
Videocassette.

Article from an online subscription service
Singer, P.W. 2002. "The new mercenaries," Wilson Quarterly, 26: 88-94. Ebsco Academic Search Premier Database, 
(accessed June 10, 2004). 
 

 An article's url is an unwieldy string of letter and numbers. You 
may use the url for the Shasta College Library’s Online Research 
Databases page (http://library.shastacollege.edu/databases.html) 
as that’s how your reader will most easily link to this database 
and article.  Don't split web address (url) between two lines.

Corporate Web Site
Brookings Institution.  Gaining the Iraqis' Toleration. May 28, 2004, http://www.brook.edu,  (accessed June 10, 2004).
 

 Note: Unlike printed, published materials, websites often change 
and sometimes even disappear. Include date of most recent revision 
(not always available) and the date you accessed the site.

Article from an online magazine
Sragow, Michael. "Black Like Spike." Salon, October 26, 2000, www.salon.com,  (accessed June 10, 2004).

Modern Language Association (MLA) Style

Books
  • The official guide for this style is:  Joseph Gibaldi's MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 5th ed.  (Reference Desk LB2369 .G53 1999)
    • Another helpful (if not official) book is:  Andrew Harnack's Online! : A Reference Guide to Using Internet Sources  (Reference TK 5105.875 .I57 .H364 2000)
Websites


Sample citations
 
    Book with one author
    Jaffe, Andrew.  Jazz Harmony.  2nd. Ed.  New York: Advance Music, 1996.

    Book with two authors
    Kostka, Stefan M.  and Dorothy Payne. Tonal Harmony: With an Introduction to
    Twentieth Century Music.  New York: Knopf, 1984.

    Edited book
    Sullivan, Jack, ed. Words on Music: From Addison to Barzun. Athens: Ohio Univ. Pr., 1990.

    Signed journal or magazine article
    Blackett, Matt. "15 Days to Better Chops."  Guitar Player 33.4  (April 1999): 74-78.

    Encyclopedia article
    Henderson, Clayton H.  “Minstrelsy, American.” The New Grove Dictionary of
    Music and  Musicians.  2nd. ed. 2001.

    Sound recording
    Holiday, Billie.  The Essence of Billie Holiday. Rec. 23 Jan. 1943. Columbia, 1991.

    Liner notes
    Byron, Don. "Bug Music." Liner notes. Bug Music: Music Of The Raymond Scott
    Quintette, John Kirby & His Orchestra, And The Duke Ellington Orchestra. Elektra, 1996.

    Videorecording
    Bernstein, Leonard, perf. Musical Phonology. Videocassette. Dir. Clark Santee.
    Kultur, 1973. (MLA) 104 min.

    CD-ROM or software
    Axelrod, Rise B. and Charles R. Cooper.  The St. Martin's Guide  to Writing.  5th ed.  CD-ROM. 
    New York:  St. Martin's, 1997.

    Article from an online encyclopedia
    "Minstrel Show."  Encyclopedia Britannica Online, Shasta College Library. 16 Feb. 2001  <http://library.shastacollege.edu.databases.html>

    Article from an online subscription service
    Okker, Patricia and Jeffrey Williams."Reassuring Sounds: Minstrelsy and the Hidden Hand." ATQ 12 (2) 
    Jun. 1998: 133-45. EbscoHost,  Shasta College Library. 16 Feb. 2002  <http://library.shastacollege.edu/databases.html>

       
       An article's url is an unwieldy string of letter and numbers. Use the url for the Shasta College Library’s Online Research Databases page, as that’s how your reader will most  easily link to this database and article.  Don't split web address (url) between two lines.
    Scholarly project from the Internet
    Railton, Stephen, ed. Blackface Minstrelsy 1830-1852. 16 Sept. 1999. University of Virginia. 16 Feb. 2001
    <http://www.iath.virginia.edu/utc/minstrel/mihp.html>
       
      Note: Unlike printed, published materials, websites often change 
      and sometimes even disappear. Include date of most recent revision 
      (not always available) and the date you accessed the site.
    Article from an online magazine
    Sragow, Michael. "Black Like Spike." Salon 26 Oct. 2000. 16 Feb. 2001 <www.salon.com>

Research, Style, and Grammar Guides

Books
  • William B. Badke's Research Strategies: Finding Your Way Through the Information Fog (Z710 .B23 2000) contains chapters on note-taking, documentation, and organization.
  • Diane Hacker's A Writer's Reference( PE1408 .H2778 1995) is used in many English classes at Shasta College.
  • William Strunk and E.B. White's The Elements of Style (PE1408 .S772 1999) is a time honored handbook on clear and simple writing.  It contains many examples of writing that works well.  The first edition, published in 1918, is  available online through Bartleby.com
  • Kate L. Turabian's A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (Ready Reference LB2369 .T8 1996) contains sample papers.  Although it was written to conform with the Chicago Manual of Style (Ready Reference Z253 .U69 1993),  the information on note-taking and documenting research is useful in all college writing.
Online eBooks  (accessible through the Library Catalog or by going directly to the Online eBooks page)
  • Sydney L. Langosch's Writing American Style  (PE1128 .L3378 1999 eb) contains a chapter on documenting research.
  • Ralph Berry's The Research Project: How to Write It (LB2369 .B38 2000 eb) contains excellent chapters on research, note-taking, documenting research, and a sample research paper. Note: This book was written for a U.K. audience and does not adhere to MLA or APA formats.
Websites


A Cautionary Note on Plagiarism

To plagiarize is:

1) To steal and use the ideas or writings of another as one’s own.
2) To appropriate passages or ideas from another and use them as one’s own.

Sometimes plagiarism is accidental, sometimes it's intentional. Since the student has full responsibility for the content and  integrity of his work, both are considered academic dishonesty (cheating!) and violate the Shasta College student code of  conduct. Careful note taking and documentation of resources are your best tools for avoiding  plagiarism.

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URL: http://library.shastacollege.edu/cite.html
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      Updated: 11/06/06